...Blogs I've Commented On & Complete Reference List...

Please note this post is just a record of the blogs I've commented on and the full reference list, each reference will also be found at the end of each applicable blog. Enjoy reading the six previous blog posts covering the areas required in Part A of this assignment!
 
Blogs I've commented on:

Claire Fitzpatrick: Work and Labour

Lucy Kelly: Affordances-Physical

Godhelp Nyashanu: Ergonomics

Paula Hitchman: Semester 2 with a whole new focus on Participation in Occupation

References:

Ambience. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved October 21, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ambience 
 

Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Caulton, R., & Dickson, R. (2007). What’s going on? Finding an explanation for what we do. In J. Creek & A. Lawson-Porter (Eds.), Contemporary issues in occupational therapy (pp. 87-114). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Christiansen, C.H. & Townsend, E.A. (2010). Introduction to occupation: The art and science of living (2^nd Ed.). USA: Pearson.

Crepeau, E. (2003). Analyzing occupation & activity: A way of thinking about occupational performance. In Crepeau, E., Cohn, E., & Schell, B. (Eds.), Willard & Spackman’s occupational therapy (10^th ed., pp. 189-198). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

Green, T.F. (1968). Work, leisure and the American schools. New York: Random House.

Law, M. (2002). Participation in the occupations of everyday life, 2002 Distinguished Scholar Lecture. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 640-649.

Sadlo, G. (2004). Creativity and occupation. In M. Molineux (Ed.), Occupation for occupational therapists (pp. 90-102). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  

...Ambience...

Ambience is defined as “the atmosphere of a place” (Ambience, n.d.). So how is it that this atmosphere is created? Sadlo (2004) suggests, “Careful attention is given to the seating arrangements and decoration of the room, to create the appropriate ambience, perhaps using background music and lighting effects” (p.94). When applying this to cards there are a number of influences that create the ambience, for example; lighting, noise, and positioning around a table or on the floor.

The following is an extract of the last time I played cards and illustrates the ambience I felt and the things that influenced this.

Sunday night was full of playing cards! We were also listening to music, singing, drinking copious amounts of juice and laughing. It was our last night to spend in Fiji with my family so we needed to make the most of it...It was a happy and sad time combined, I knew this would be the last time to play cards with everyone until the next time I visited but at the same time was enjoying the amount of fun we were having together.

I don’t think I won much as I remember my brother making a lot of snide comments throughout the night...When our night ended it was close to 2.30am and we had slowly started to pop off to sleep in different areas of the room or were idly shuffling the cards while talking about the fun times we’ve had and hope to have in the future.

The ambience of this night was determined by the other activities taking place in the room such as the music, the drinking of juice, and the conversations and eventually the change in people’s energy then making people less interactive and therefore changing the ambience again. The main effect the ambience had on me was that there were many new positive memories created from the night and that it was through engaging in playing cards that this was possible.

Original Story: (not for marking)

“Sunday night was full of playing cards! We were also listening to music, singing, drinking copious amounts of juice and laughing. It was my last night to spend in Fiji with my brothers, sisters and cousins so we needed to make the most of it. We played three different games over the night; Speed, 5-3-2, and Liverpool Rummy – well some of it.  It was a happy and sad time combined, I knew this would be the last time to play cards with everyone until the next time I visited but at the same time was enjoying the amount of fun we were having together.

I don’t think I won much as I remember my brother making a lot of snide comments throughout the night. I definitely learned a few more Fijian words to add to my repertoire! I don’t think I even minded not winning for a change as I knew this would be the last time my Fijian family would be playing cards like this and it was too much fun being the brunt of all my brothers’ warm-hearted jokes for the night.

When our night ended it was close to 2.30am and we had slowly started to pop off to sleep in different areas of the room or were idly shuffling the cards while talking about the fun times we’ve had and hope to have in the future.

When leaving to go to bed I packed the cards away where everyone would be able to use them if they wanted to once I had left.”

References:

Ambience. (n.d.). Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Retrieved October 21, 2011, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ambience 
 

Sadlo, G. (2004). Creativity and occupation. In M. Molineux (Ed.), Occupation for occupational therapists (pp. 90-102). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.  

...Practical Considerations...

Crepeau (2003) states, “identifying the multiple demands, skills, and potential meanings of the activity enables practitioners to have a deeper understanding of this activity in general” (p. 191). These are all the practical considerations that have to be made when looking at an occupation and as suggested these can be the demands of the occupation such as where it takes place or what equipment is needed to engage in the occupation, the skills required for the occupation such as cognition or fine motor skills, and underlying meanings of the activity such as if it always includes the same people when it is engaged in. 

If I apply this to playing cards there are multiple practical considerations that have to be made, these include:

-       Equipment: cards, table, chairs 

-       Location: weather dependent can be played indoors or outdoors

-       Time: each game varies depending on the length it takes to play

-       Skills: cognition to play the game to the rules, attention to get through a game, memory depending on the game being played, fine motor skills to manipulate the cards, language to understand the rules of the game and to communicate with other players as needed

-       Underlying meanings: playing certain games with certain people, having the same partner in pair games, always playing after dinner or at lunch time

Practical considerations I make when playing cards include:

-       Who will be playing?

-       Locating the cards and checking that they are all there

-       Being sure there is enough space e.g.: Table and chairs

-       Determining other distractions e.g.: wind, noise

-       Being sure the game is suited to the people playing

-       Choosing a game specific to who I am playing with based on the meaning it has

References:

Crepeau, E. (2003). Analyzing occupation & activity: A way of thinking about occupational performance. In Crepeau, E., Cohn, E., & Schell, B. (Eds.), Willard & Spackman’s occupational therapy (10^th ed., pp. 189-198). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

...Affordances...

At this point in the course we have been focusing a lot on the various different things that afford an occupation. Christiansen & Townsend (2010) explain the things that afford an occupation, “Affordances are environmental properties that both induce and support goal-directed behaviour” (p.22); this is saying that social, cultural, and physical factors impact on a person’s experience of an occupation. Applying this to my chosen occupation there are many of these different factors that impact on the reasons for doing it and there are others that arise through doing the occupation, I will discuss this further relating to key affordances addressed in this course. 

One of the affordances that is obvious when I play cards is that of communication. This includes the connections and relationships made with those I play with, the enjoyment and laughter that comes out of playing cards as well as the kind hearted banter that arise. Law (2002) states, “Through participation, we acquire skills and competencies, connect with others and our communities, and find purpose and meaning in life” (p. 640); this is an evident part of the communication that occurs during playing cards, through the roles assumed (teacher-student, competitors), the playing skills learned from others and ourselves through playing (verbal and non-verbal), also finding meaning in our life through the enjoyment and challenge of the game as well as the relationships built with those we play with.

Another main affordance that I experience while playing cards is of links with memories and history of the activity. For example every time I play a game of ‘5-3-2’ I think of when I first learned how to play it in Fiji, and of all the people that were there, and of the memories of how much fun we had playing it. Another game ‘Liverpool Rummy’ always brings back memories of being outdoors in summer with the whole family for hours on end.

References:

Christiansen, C.H. & Townsend, E.A. (2010). Introduction to occupation: The art and science of living (2^nd Ed.). USA: Pearson.

Law, M. (2002). Participation in the occupations of everyday life, 2002 Distinguished Scholar Lecture. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56, 640-649.

...Labour vs Work...

Green (1968) states, “Whatever is produced by labour is produced to be consumed, not to be put into use. The activity of labour, so conceived, does not aim at the creating of some durable addition to the world” (p.18). Understanding labour therefore is that it is a necessity of life and that anything done by a person to promote survival is hence a labour.

Arendt (1958) explains work as, “the activity which corresponds to the unnaturalness of human existence” (p.7). Work is therefore any occupation that humans engage in that’s not primarily intended for survival, these are the ‘unnatural’ occupations of humans as they are not needed to exist.

Examples of the difference between occupations of labour and those of work could include:

Labour:

-       Cooking

-       Farming 

-       Hunting

-       Paid employment (to provide for survival needs eg: food, rent)

Work:

-       Craft

-       Art

-       Games  

My chosen occupation of playing cards is an occupation of work, as its primary intent is not for survival and is therefore unnatural to human existence. The reason I play cards is to have fun with friends and family, to challenge myself with tactical games, and to have time to relax. All of these reasons are not crucial for my survival as a human being however I do feel these reasons for engaging in playing cards is providing me with a sense of balance within my life and is helping me to ‘survive’.

In another situation of ‘playing cards’ as an occupation it could be seen as labour, for example professional poker players. They are ‘playing cards’ as their paid employment and their survival is determined by the money that they earn through doing so.

So perhaps every occupation could be determined as labour or work depending on the intention it is being done and the result it provides the person doing it.

References:

Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

Green, T.F. (1968). Work, leisure and the American schools. New York: Random House.

...Ergonomics...

Caulton and Dickson (2007) defines ergonomics as the, “ability to constantly make slight invisible adjustments to an activity to adapt to the need of those taking part and ensure that it continues to work for its intended purpose” (p.93). This means that ergonomics is therefore the ability to change anything necessary in the environment, with the occupation, or the person to enable the activity to be more suitable, comfortable and appropriate while continuing to be the same activity. 

Ergonomics are therefore applied frequently with my chosen occupation of playing cards. For example one of the slight changes that often occurs when playing cards are the changes in rules. This happens for a number of reasons however it is mostly due to the specific people playing the game. When playing with younger children for example it is common that older players will opt to take out a few of the more complex rules, for example when playing Last Card a few of the ‘action’ cards may not be played, such as ‘7’ for a block or ‘Jack’ as a reverse.

Another way ergonomics is seen when participating in playing cards is in the environment; it is important to have the right amount of chairs at the table for the amount of players; to be in a well-lit place to be able to see what’s going on; and to be aware of anything that may disturb the game such as a breeze or any distracting noises or surroundings. All of these are often addressed without consciously being aware that you’re doing so however it is going to make the activity of playing cards efficient and more enjoyable and it is therefore done automatically.

References:

Caulton, R., & Dickson, R. (2007). What’s going on? Finding an explanation for what we do. In J. Creek & A. Lawson-Porter (Eds.), Contemporary issues in occupational therapy (pp. 87-114). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

...Intro to my occupation...

To begin I would like to briefly explain the meaning playing cards has to me and the context in which it happens and how this may be different when using cards as an OT or OT student. I will also briefly highlight what it might be like to do this activity mindfully.

The reason I chose playing cards as my occupation is that it's an activity that always brings back fond memories; from childhood or just a few weeks ago. I've always loved the variety of games that can be played with cards; traditional games such as 'Rummy', or new games such as 'Monopoly' that has been adapted from the original board game. Also the variety of places and people that you can play cards with; indoors or outdoors dependent on the weather or your mood, with friends or family or even by yourself to have some solitude. I enjoy being able to learn new games from others, or to teach them a game that I know how to play.

To me personally playing cards means; fun, laughter, competition, good hearted disputes, friendship, relaxation, challenges, and solitude.

The reasons for playing cards in an OT context changes to include executive cognitive functioning, socialising, and fine motor skills. The places that cards are played would differ too; on a ward in a group setting or in an individual session with an OT or OTA, it may also be used as a homework task set for the family to help the individual engage in an area they are focusing on.

When thinking about playing cards mindfully the things that would become more apparent may include the sounds in the room or outdoors, whether there is a breeze disrupting the cards on the playing area, the feel of the cards in your hand and their positioning in your palm, the responses of others, and the approach you have before each move.